The History Of The Shade Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essay

The History Of The Shade Of Dark touristry Tourism EssayThe betoken of this question project is a critical proscribedline of disconsolate touristry in relation to its application to intellect zilch and the 9/11 narration M uptakeum in mod York, USA. This harangue go appear analyse saturnine touristry, related to run aground adjust and the 9/11 recital M uptakeum, shade of gloomful tourism, plant vigor and the 9/11 remembrance M manipulationum, and strategies of them, then to depth abridgment of expatiate of terra firma energy and the 9/11 moderns report M utiliseum.The belles-lettres review shows supplemental look for and quantitative search, conducted on lousiness tourism is, the shade framework of tincture tourism and umteen strategies of world zilch and 9/11 chronicle Museum. This indicates analyses structure of the caseful training. finished this dissertation, the beginning aim and objectives were obtaind, and further suggestions and analytic seeing be grantd which could help backdrop nothing and 9/11 annals Museum better match their aim and mission.Chapter 1. IntroductionIn this section, why Ground cryptograph and the 9/11 archives Museum get hold of been chosen as a case field of study be explained.September 11th, 2001 North the States suffered a rough serious terrorist attack by al Qaeda. The humanity Trade focus in tonic York was destroyed and m either nation died in this attack. Nowadays, Ameri send word and spic-and-span York actorities decide grade Ground zero point in the turn up of the terra firma Trade Center and build the 9/11 Memorial Museum for wad to recovers and understand how terrible terrorist act is. After the 9/11 attacks, there atomic design 18 many a(prenominal) heap meaned victims finished in many focusings, and yellor numbers increased. In young years, the tenacious tourism has start to develop (Sharpley and Stone, 2009), and the 9/11 attacks blow ta bu of the water the whole world thus, Ground zilch as a modernistic building and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as the briny annals go in, these argon the main reasons for the creator choosing them as a case study. These atomic number 18 related to dark tourism.AimTo undertake critical synopsis of dark tourism in relation to its application to Ground zilch and 9/11 Memorial Museum.ObjectivesTo critically pronounce dark tourism.To analyse Ground null and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as memorial posts.To respect tourism management strategies in relation to balancing the negative and corroboratory side of dark tourism relating to tourism at Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum.Chapter 2. Literature Review2.1 IntroductionThis diverge is composed of inquiry and teaching into the meaning of dark tourism and its various(a) shades shade, the situation of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, and the strategies use to manage Ground Zero and memorial museum.2.2 military rating of dark tourismEach tourism crossway has a coordination compound design, then it is not back end easy to definite dark tourism as dark or light (Stone, 2006). In this situation, in order to signalise dark tourism, the informant needs a prudent scale to repugn and analyse the shade of dark tourism. Stone (2006) reap a unofficial of the varied shade of dark tourism.Table 1 shade of dark tourismSourcesStone (2006) A dark tourism spectrum perceived product features of dark tourism within a darkest lightest framework of supply.Each dark tourism set could be analysed by this framework, to define its shade. For Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum the beginning lead use this panel to analyse the shade from the definition of dark tourism mentioned above, it is easy to externalise that dark tourism relates to last and piteous, Stone (2006) referring to Miles (2002) suggests that the difference between berths of death and suffering and sites associated with death and suffe ring should be unders as well asd. The former is the site at a place where there has been death and suffering, and the last mentioned is a site which is connected to death and suffering. Ground Zero was built at the site of the World Trade Center, which was destroyed in 2001 and in which al intimately 3000 race died (CNN news 2009), Ground Zero corresponds to the sites of death and suffering. On the early(a) put across 9/11 Memorial Museum is not built on the site of the World Trade Center, it just close to the site and its main habit is to function as a memorial, so this museum is break in of the sites associated with death and suffering.However, complete some other aspect in table 1 and based on the main theory from Stone (2006) and Miles (2002) , the shades of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum and partake of dark tourism pass on be analysed late in the Findings section.2.3 An outline of Ground Zero.In 09/11/2001, there was an attack by terrorists and the World Trad e Center was destroyed, New York is currently rebuilding this site which has a new name Ground Zero. 9/11 was the wildliest terrorist attack in the history of mankind, and now there is a distinguishable attitude to related to this site.On May 1, 2011 President Obama denote that American Navy Seals had killed Osama bin Laden who was the mastermind of the 9/11 attacks. Alter (2011) points turn up that when America heard this news they celebrated and reflected on, most of them going to the grounds of the White House in Washington and to Ground Zero in New York. In this way Ground Zero whitethorn be a place for Americans to remember the plenty who died on 11th September. Although the World Trade Center was destroyed, but now when the mass look at Ground Zero, they allow recall the memory of 9/11 and they mourn the dead people. In order to go a good place to people for memory the government is building a museum in 2006 and put into use in 2011 (9/11 Memorial Museum). As can be s een from this place nowadays, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial museum becomes the main place to bear a memory of dead people.These study which mentioned above show one of the main break up of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum is to remember victims. In this sense, the provide instruction help the rootage compass the objective 2, which is Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are memorial sites in New York.Memory as the main reason for Ground Zero, and in juvenile years, e special(a)ly after(prenominal) 9/11 American government has been continuously the implementating stringent anti- terrorism measures. Miller (2011) points thatthe 9/11 terrorist attacks set the order for the War on Terrorism, in the form of subsequent U.S led invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.In the past, there have been other terrorist attacks on America, but none created such(prenominal) a great influence, in the sense of 9/11 which meant terrorist declared war on humans, and after this n onethelesst the American government made a strong response to terrorism, and the rebuilding at the site of the World Trade Center means people do not defer to terrorism (Walsh, 2001). In this situation, Ground Zero will be a sign of war on terrorism. Because of the 9/11 terrorism attacks, the U.S government launched a massive counterattack to terrorism, and in any case affect on the policies and strategies. more(prenominal) than details will be analysed in the Findings later.2.4 Strategies of Ground Zero and 9/11 memorial museum.Sliverstein et al., (2012) in their report refer to after the 9/11 the main signification and challenge of the World Trade Center is rebuild and memorial. Ground Zero is the new building on the site of the World Trade Center and today the main place to remember 9/11 victims is at the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The pen summarises a time line about the main actions of America and New York between 2001 to 2011.Table 2 Main strategies of America and New York af ter the 9/11This table just a summarise of the main strategies and action that government used in the past 10 years. Through this table could help the author clean understand the main action of American and New York government to do after 9/11 terrorism attacks. In the findings, the author will use this table to analysis more detail of the government do and related to the significants of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum to analyses. Except strategies and policies on table 2, the author will based on Porters (1985) generic strategy to make a professional strategies anaysis of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. there are twain ways which fitted for Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum to procure their mission and help the author achieve objective 3 differentiation and terms leadership. Although the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are nonprofits making organisations but their main draw a bead on is make more people understand 9/11 and how atrocious terrorism is . In this situation, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum likewise needed strategies to develop them.When an organisation uses a different strategy, it seeks to invite something fantastic to its customers that they will appreciate. This can be found in market sales or the actual product or armed service. This strategy usually involves charging a premium price to customers to cover the higher(prenominal) production be and added-value feature. If a organisation uses the hail leadership strategy then it aims to be the lowest-cost producer in the industry to which it belongs. This strategy is usually employed by a large business that produces a standard with little differentiation. It will offer discounts on the products to further increase profits and market parting (Porter, 2004). The basis of above-average surgical operation within an industry is sustainable competitive profit.A cost leadership flak means a firm sets out to become the low cost producer in its industr y. Note that a cost leader must achieve parity or at least proximity on the bases of differentiation, even though it relies on cost leadership for its competitive advantage, if more than one company aim for cost leadership, usually this is disastrous, it is often achieved by economies of scale. In this case study, the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are free for tourists, although some other museum also feel free but the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum try to add more value on their products. In the museum, the organisation offers more useful value and information to customers (9/11 Memorial Museum Organisation) more service details will be analysed in the Findings.The differentiation approach means that a firm seeks to be unique in its industry along some dimensions that are widely valued by buyers (Porter 2004). A differentiator can not ignore its cost position. In all areas that do not affect its differentiation, it should try to lessening the cost in the differentiat ion area, the costs should at least be lower than the price premium it receives from the buyers. The areas of differentiation can be product, distribution, sales, marketing, service and image. In this physical composition, because of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are free for customers, therefore the cost of products in not gong to be the center of analysis in this paper. How are Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum different? Based on Donofrio (2010) and Nevins (2005) refer that 9/11 is the most serious and horrible terrorist attack in the history of mankind, and caused a very serious impact on humans, especially families. In this respect, Ground Zero as the site of this terribel incident it has a special meaning, but also it is the most direct place for people to have a memorial for 9/11. For 9/11 Memorial Museum, today this site has become one of the most important places for people to remember 9/11. Because the place of Ground Zero is crowded by traffic, if too many peop le go there to for remembrance it will impact on traffic, so the government built a museum near by the site of the World Trade Center. For the reasons mentioned above, the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are different from other museum and dark tourism sites. speciality strategy is suitable for them to provide a high direct of products and services. In the findings the author will make more analysis about these both strategies.2.5 culminationThis chapter makes a summarised evaluation of dark tourism, the author pays more tending on the shade of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, this is in order to understand the nature of dark tourism, and the other part assess the impact of dark tourism will be analysed in the Findings. Because the author considered understanding nature of the dark tourism could help author to better analysis. Dark tourism is a whole industry, in this paper the author chose Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum as case study, so in this part author also fertilise some short evaluation of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, a simple analysis the shade of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, and what their mean, it gives out a brief outline of them. The part of 2.2 3 the author based on the characteristics of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum point out two suitable strategies for them to develop, achieve their mission and try to offer a high level of service and information to tourists.In part 2.2 of literature review, the author gives out an overall framework and structure of the whole paper, and expounded which different aspects the author considered and analysed to achieve the aim of this paper based on other authors theories which author searched through alternate enquiry and qualitative look.Chapter Three Methodology3.1 Introduction at that place are many different approach and methods to collect selective information and information in order to achieve the ultimate goal and solve the look question. This chap ter mentions how and why the enquiry data were collected, and also advantages and evils of the chosen methods and how to remedy the disadvantage are presented. The data collected are reliable, credible, and authentic. Steward and Kamins (1993) point out that the main explore methods could be divided into basichand enquiry, randomnessary research, qualitative research and quantitative research. As the author determined the overall use of collateral research was chosen in this project to achieve the aim, so methodology will provide sufficient justification to explain why supplemental research was selected. Thoms (2009) points out that successful research should include the succeeding(a) elements purpose, question, approach, and method. Hart (2007. p28) argues that the procedure for formulating a method is a system of methods and rules to be collected and analysis of data and information. In the following paragraph the author will follow Thoms (2009) and Harts (2007) elements to present the methodology and analyse why secondary research was chosen to collect the data and how to analyse the information .3.2 The investigate ProcessTo determine the choice of approach in the research process, the author will use the following Research Process Onion model, introduced by Saunders et al. (2003) is used. The research process onion allows the researcher to identify the many different layers in the research process and to eliminate or identify the most suitable process.The research process onion consists of the following five different layersThe model is used by starting from step one, the outer layer, which illustrates research philosophy, and peeling away the layers when different criteria have been set until reaching the end, which introduces the attainable data order of battle methods. Once the last step has been reached, the parameters of the research have been established.3.3 Type of researchThe firstly stage of the research onion is called research phil osophy. Saunders et al (2003, p. 83) argue that the research philosophy depends on the way that you think about the development of the knowledge. There are four main philosophies that are used to approach the research positivist, interpretive, realism, and phenomenology.There are two features of favourableness philosophy, they are belief that the natural and the tender sciences could help the author achieve the aim through the collection of data and information and to explain, then offer an external reality data support and explain the points (Bryman 2001). On the other hand, the interpretivistic philosophy asserts that the assumptions of both philosophies are unwarranted especially in cases where the objectives of study are influenced by many factors, and are extremely difficult to seclude and control in experimental laboratory settings (Hirschheim and Klein 1994). The realistic philosophy shares two features with a positivism philosophy a belief that the natural and the social sciences should apply the same kinds of approach to the collection of data and to explanation, and a load to the view that there is an external reality to which scientists direct their attention (Bryman 2001).The first three are not detach to this study as the positivist picture requires mainly quantitative data and uses large samples interpretive paradigm is more concerned with generating theories and realism investigates relationship between two variables. The latter one has been used for this study as it was the most suitable for this character of research.The phenomenological approach can be applied to a single case, which is appropriate to this research study as the researcher used one Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as a case study for investigation. The use of phenomenology in the scenario then was to look into what presented itself that is the tourist attraction, its facilities and performance and then explore behind the scenes and question how the tourism opera tors sell themselves and of any special techniques which are used to do this. This is summarized by Mariampolski (2001)According to phenomenology, the purpose of the human sciences which presumably includes market research is to pry beneath the show to expose these categories and habits of mind that shape out perceptions.This research study lends itself to a realistic approach, where the author recognises that areas such as strategy and visitors attitudes cannot be thrifty and studied in the same way physical process can. Instead, the author desires to discover the mechanisms that brought Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum wave and where possible, will try to measure the theory applied within the study. The organism of competing, or even explanations is one of the features of realist research. (Fisher, 2004. p 16)3.4 Research strategies and approachThe research objectives were to investigate the key metrics as indicators for success this involved conducting secondary rese arch by studying data and reports. Based on the objectives, it can be said that this research is an explanatory study. According to Robson (1993), this is a feel of discovery isWhat is happening to seek new insights to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light.Exploratory studies are about discovering new information and generating ideas and hypotheses. The researcher explored the factors that contribute to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, and how these places gaining a competitive advantage as these were unknown prior to conducting the study.The approach to the study involved a combination of inducive and deductive approaches, inductive because the researcher collected data and then analysed it to draw conclusions and offer theories deductive because the researcher studied previous research and evidence through the literature review and then compared it to findings to see how they corresponded or contrasted with each other. The strength of inductive arguments is often weaker than deductions. Deductions are certainties but inductive conclusions are probabilities (Fisher, 2004. p 76)These several(a) methods area circumstancely suited for the research as it requires different analysis and allows for more research to be conducted and analysed. Some qualitative data were used for secondary research, involving studying statistic at figures which relates to the three objectives in finding out the indicators of success. Once this data was analysed conclusions were offered to how Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum gains a competitive advantage.3.5 Research choiceThe study will benefit from the use of current secondary data to make clear many of the contradictory findings throughout various authors work, therefore, a report-based approach to data collection was adopted, by examining the annual reports and surveys conducted. In the following section the author will analyes why secondary research was chosen.Gene (1976) points out that seco ndary research is a way to reanalyse data to answer the question, to achieve the purpose, or use old data to answer a new question. Thus, secondary research is through books, journals, websites, or other researchers findings were used to collect data and material.For aboriginal research and secondary research each have their own advantages, for primary research, Steward and Kamins (1993) indicate that primary research have the following advantages. The first is primary research which could allow the researcher collect the data they want and report it in a beneficial way to support the researcher. The second is primary research enables the author to better grasp and control how the information is collected. The last is the way to help companies who under take primary research to harbor information hidden from the competitors and possibly offer an information advantage to these companies. Primary research has some deficiencies but for the author, the projects research will use the s econdary research.The author will first point out is to the advantages of secondary research. Steward and Kamins (1993) also given some advantages of secondary research. The biggest advantage of secondary research is saving time and cost, because secondary research allows the author to use of secondary data to support a point of view and this will be easier, and sometimes secondary research could provide a higher quality of data than from a new research, like primary research. If the author wants to obtain some information about suggestions for problem planning, research hypotheses and research methods, secondary research could provide these additional advantages. In addition, secondary research also helps researchers to clarify the issue they want to study, and previous primary research can help clarify the focus of the study.Although there are some deficiencies with secondary research, Bryman and Bell (2007, p.334) point out the limitation of secondary research as the following th ree1. Lack of data relating to the research.2. The data that are collected are complex some of these data have a large number of respondents and variables.3. The quality of data is not controllable.3.6. Construction of the researchFor this dissertation, a lot of data were obtained from references source such as books, journals, reports, and networks. most(prenominal) books which author found were in university library. Not only books, but also a large number of journals, magazines, E bookwere used. For secondary research, the author also included information from found websites. The network of all the information from the New York government websites, local government websites, other reports, and Emerald, in these data also include information from E books, these can ensure the datas authenticity, reliability, accuracy and credibility. real(a) data are better to support this dissertation, and make this dissertation more credible and make up defect of secondary research.According to the aim and objectives, there is much information and data to support this dissertation, however, many of these data sources are not irrelevant. For this reason, the author will consider many aspects of this dissertation to choose the relevant, credible, accurate information, the author will also consider the quality of data, year of information, and when it was published.3.7 Assessment schematicRudestam and Newton (2001, p. 60) argue that you need to keep a perspective, and do an evaluation of the advantages of this study, at the same time make a comparative study with same or similar problems.The purpose of the assessment diagram is to ensure that data collection is credible, reliable, effective and could be used for this study.1. Survey of major issuesAnalysis of what are the main issues to be investigated and definition of the concept of the authors work, allows comparison of similar studies.2. HypothesesTo enquire and evaluate what hypotheses has been express and whether t he theoretical framework is narrowed or broadened3.The appropriate data for the studyTo question whether the collected data are appropriate and how they have influenced results and findings.3.8 ConclusionThis chapter explains why the author would choose secondary research to collect and evaluate data. Meanwhile, the author also aware of the limitation of secondary research, therefore, the author would analysis more information and theories to support this study. In this part, the structure will be illustrated that how the author collect information, how to select suitable, correct and accurate information.Chapter 4 Findings4.1 Evaluation of Dark Tourism.Part 4.1 will introduce the situation of dark tourism and provide a depth analysis of dark tourism in order for the reader to gain an overall concept of dark tourism, and the details of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum will be given in part 4.2. This paper uses Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum for the case study. The muse um is a kind of exhibition cover pictures, voices, and experiences, therefore, this part critically examines the value that contemporary and controversial exhibitions techniques play in the visitor experience at sites of historical significance.According to Lennon (2000), dark tourism is a kind of tourism products that signify a fundamental happy chance in the way in which death, disaster and inhumaneness are organism handled. Sharpley and Stone (2011) also point out that dark tourism includes extend to sites about deaths, disasters and atrocities. It can be easy to understand the definition of dark tourism (also known as black tourism or regret tourism) as a kind of tourism product, meaning a place that people visit in memory of death, disaster, suffering, violence or atrocity. atomic number 53 emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon et al. (2000) as dark tourism. This typecast of tourism involves visits to dark sites such as battlegrounds, scenes of exorbitant crimes or acts of genocide, for example concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a small niche market, driven by a wide kind of visitor motivations such as mourning, remembrance, education, dour curiosity or even entertainment, depending on the social, cultural and political context (Stone, 2006). In this study, the author takes a neutral stance on this issue. There are both substantiative and negative aspects in contemporary exhibition techniques. Consequently, a particularly complex issue revolves around the consumption of dark tourism. People usually visit such dark sites for emotive and controversial ideas. Someone, within contemporary society, visits such places out of respect and remembrance. Someone could obtain a secret pleasure in gazing on the macabre. While, some people contemplate their own death rate at such attractions and exhibitions (Stone, 2006).Nowadays, visitors are no longer satisfied to masturbate on the beach or gather around the hotel bar wit h other tourists. The increasing attention paid to the phenomenon of dark tourism may arguably be symptomatic of the trend within academic circles to identify and say specific forms of tourism, or to subdivide tourism into niche products and markets (Novelli, 2005). see national socialist death camps in eastern Europe as a vacation itinerary, enjoying family picnics on the battlefields in northern France, purchasing souvenirs at Ground Zero and allowing schoolchildren to gaze upon tools of torture at the London Dungeon, are all examples of the macabre exhibition.Consequently, the term dark tourism has been gradually entering the public, such as academic and media discourse. By definition, dark tourism mean the visits, intentional or otherwise, to purposeful / non-purposeful sites which offer a presentation of death or suffering (Stone, 2005).Likewise, Tarlow (2005) identifies dark tourism as visitations to places where tragedies or historic deaths have occurred and that overcompe nsate to impact on peoples lives. Dark tourism sites can be divided into several categories and can be defined in terms of site structure and tourist experience features. The usual type of site is interpretive and historical, whether it is located at the primary scene of an atrocity or at a geographically unrelated place. Often pickings on the form of a museum, such places exhibit a archives and an event-based view of violence, leading the tourists through the history and details of a particular tragedy. An in-context technique, (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, 1998) to contextualise via labelling and explanation, characterises such displays and works to present violence as explainable and cognitive through education and information.4.1-1 Positive affects of dark tourismTung and Ritchie (2011) states that tourism is a way for people seek the experiences and open a way to absorption of those experiences. People collect experiences through travel, go different place, relate different people and culture and experiment different life style. find out world could help us understand ourselves and develop ourselves (Lanterman 2007 referred to Boniface 1998). Although people can learn many things from school, but experiences of life should experiment by people themselves, tourism provides a way to us to learn. In quaint time, Marco Polo traveled to Asia from Europe, when he backed to his country, he brought many advance applied science to his country and made European experiment a lot of new things which they never saw before. Today, with developing of dark tourism, there are many new things for tourists to experience enrich themselves.With the degree of infrastructure and normality that reverberate the supply of dark tourism, even on varying scales (Stone and Sharpley, 2009), the increasingly socially acceptable gaze on death and its reconceptualisation either for entertainment, education or memorial purpose offers both the individual and collective self a practical conf rontational mechanism to begin the process of neutralising the impact of mortality.The educational meaning of dark tourism. Sharpley et al. (2010) state that in the UK, around 30% of schools undertook tours to battlefields. Visiting battlefields provides an opportunity to bring history to life, for history students to gain an understanding of what it exponent have been like to be a soldier of the time. Religious Studies students may visit sites of mass slaughter in order to explore the religious issues and the reactions of different faiths (Sharpley et al., 2010). For Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, they are a part of history of human, and they as the sign of 9/11 it own a special significant, and visitors could learning many things about terrorism and peace in these. Although a tour may exhibit some particular darkness, the experience of visiting battlefields may provide young people with a chance to explore their reactions to death. This reflects the potential mediatin g role of dark tourism.Secondly, is well(p) of memory to visits. Memorialisation and interpretation are two ways of assuaging feelings such as guilt, fear of forgetting, remembrance and reconciliation (Sharpley et al., 2010). A mass number of visitors to Auschwitz may think of their visit as a pilgrimage, particularly visitors who are survivors or family